by-

pref.

表示“次要的，附带的”之义；

by oneself独自地，单独

by and large大体上，总的来说

by and by不久以后

Refinement of Macromolecular Structures by the Maximum-Likelihood Method
Excited state calculations in solids by auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo
Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplifie...
Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome
Learning representations by back-propagating errors
Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods
Multi-organ, multi-lineage engraftment by a single bone marrow-derived stem cell
Extension of Life-Span by Introduction of Telomerase into Normal Human Cells
Expression monitoring by hybridization to high-density oligonucleotide arrays
Tapestry: An Infastructure for Fault-tolerant Wide-area Location and Routing