punishment

n.

刑罚，惩罚；严厉对待；给吃苦头；

复数：punishments

capital punishment死刑

severe punishment严厉惩罚；从重处罚

rewards and punishment奖惩

corporal punishment体罚；肉刑

inflict punishment处以刑罚

1. He has received a just punishment.
   他已受到应得的惩罚。
2. Punishment had very little effect on him.
   惩罚对他没有什么效果。

Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach
Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach
gächter, s. - Altruistic punishment in humans.
Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex.
Third-party punishment and social norms
Cooperation and Punishment in Public Goods Experiments
Evolution of Altruistic Punishment
Punishment and Inequality in America. By Bruce Western
Third Party Punishment and Social Norms
Tracking the hemodynamic responses to reward and punishment in the striatum