题目

PG budgeted sales for 20X8 were 5,000 units. The standard contribution is $9.60 per unit. A recession in 20X8 meant that the market for PG's products declined by 5%. PG's market share also fell by 3%. Actual sales were 4,500 units. 

Required 

Calculate planning and operational variances for sales volume. 

Chapter12Planningandoperationalvariances

Planning variance  

                                                                                    Units 

Original budgeted sales                                       5,000 

Revised budget sales (–5%)                               4,750  

                                                                                       250 A 

@ Contribution per unit of $9.60                       $2,400 

Operational variance  

                                                                                     Units 

Revised budget sales                                            4,750 

Actual sales                                                              4,500  

                                                                                       250 A 

@ Contribution per unit of $9.60                       $2,400 

The fall in market size is uncontrollable by the management of PG and therefore results in a planning variance. The fall in market share is controllable and forms part of the operational variance. 

多做几道

What objectives might the following not for profit organisations have? 

(a) An army                                                (d) A political party 

(b) A local council                                     (e) A college 

(c) A charity 

One of the objectives of a local government body could be 'to provide adequate street lighting throughout the area'. 

(a) How could the 'adequacy' of street lighting be measured? 

(b) Assume that other objectives are to improve road safety in the area and to reduce crime. How much does 'adequate' street lighting contribute to each of these aims? 

(c) What is an excessive amount of money to pay for adequately lit streets, improved road safety and reduced crime? How much is too little? 

What general objectives of non profit seeking organisations are being described in each of the following? 

(a) Maximising what is offered 

(b) Satisfying the wants of staff and volunteers 

(c) Equivalent to profit maximisation 

(d) Matching capacity available 

A division with capital employed of $400,000 currently earns an ROI of 22%. It can make an additional investment of $50,000 for a five year life with nil residual value. The average net profit from this investment would be $12,000 after depreciation. The division's cost of capital is 14%. 

What are the residual incomes before and after the investment? 

The transfer pricing system operated by a divisional company has the potential to make a significant contribution towards the achievement of corporate financial objectives. 

Required 

Explain the potential benefits of operating a transfer pricing system within a divisionalised company. 

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