试述问题认定的步骤。
试述问题认定的步骤。
试述大众传播与公共政策的关系。
论述学习公共政策学的必要性或基本意义。
在运用矛盾分析方法进行公共政策分析时，需要做到哪些？
简述公共政策执行的含义和本质。
题目
问题认定的含义、方法与步骤
问题的认定、界定或形成，也是问题构建的过程。问题构建往往需要构建者能运用创造性的判断力和洞察力。邓恩把问题认定分为四个相互衔接的步骤：问题搜索、问题决定、问题详述与问题感知，并不断地从原问题到实质问题、正规问题和问题情势进行逐步深入、具体的构建或界定。
帕顿和沙维奇把问题认定划分为以下七个步骤：
（1）对拟认定的问题进行初步观察；
（2）勾勒出该问题的边界的轮廓；
（3）搜寻事实依据；
（4）列举目的和目标；
（5）明确政策封套；
（6）匡算政策相关者潜在的成本和收益。
（7）再次审视对该问题的表述。
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- 材料全屏 Singapore【*】Singapore is an independent city-state in southeastern Asia, consisting of one major island—the Singapore island—and more than 50 small islands, located off the southern tip of Malay. The city of Singapore, the capital of the country, is at the southeastern end of the Singapore Island; it is one of the most important port cities and commercial centers of Southeast Asia. The total area of the republic is 640 sq kmLow-lying Singapore Island has no outstanding relief(轮廓鲜明的) features. A central area of hills rises to the maximum height of 176 m. The country has a wet tropical climate, with an average annual temperature of 27.20℃. The average annual rainfall is 2.413 mm. the wettest months are November through January.Singapore is governed under a constitution of 1959. A president, elected to a four-year term, is head of state, and a prime minister is head of government. The president used to be selected by Parliament, but by 1991 constitutional amendment（修正案）, the president is now elected directly by the people. The Parliament is the law-making body with its 81 members popularly elected.【*】In the late 1980s the country had some 290 primary schools with 278,300 pupils and 160 secondary schools with 200,200 students. The main institutions of higher education are the National University of Singapore, several technical colleges, and a teachers college.【*】Singapore has one of the highest standards of living of any country in Asia. In the late 1980s the gross domestic product was estimated at $23.7 billion, or $8, 870 per person. The fishing industry is centered on the port of During, on southwestern Singapore Island. Industry has grown rapidly since the 1960s, and Singapore now produces a diversity of goods, including chemicals, electronic items, clothing, and processed foods, etc. Shipbuilding and petroleum refining are also important.1【单选】Paragraph 1（）AEducationBLand and ClimateCState SystemDGeneral IntroductionEEconomyFPopulation
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