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                                                        How to Give a Good Speech

【*】So, you have to give a speech--and you‘re afraid. You get nervous, you forget what you want to say, you talk too long, and you bore your audience. Later you think,"Thank goodness, it's over. I'm just no good at public speaking. I hope I never have to do that again.
【*】Cheer up! It doesn't have to be that bad. ___1___First of all, it is important to plan, Do your homework. Find out everything you can about your subject. And, at the same time, find out as much as you can about your audience. Who are they? What do they know about your subject? Do they have a common interest? Why are they coming to hear you speak? Put yourself in their shoes as you prepare your speech.
【*】___2___ What is the occasion? Why are you speaking? Are you introducing another speaker? Giving a lecture? Convincing someone? There are many possible speaking roles, and they are all different from each other. Make sure you know into which category you fit. Don’t spoil your speech by confusing one speaking role with another

Let us suppose that you have been asked to introduce the main speaker at a meeting. First, find out the most important and interesting things about the speaker. Then, summarize this information in a few words. ___3___ And most importantly, be brief. Remember, you are not the main speaker; you are introducing the main speaker.

【*】If you are giving a lecture or explaining an idea, gather as many facts as you can on your subject. Spend plenty of time doing your research. ___4___ Use as many examples as possible, and use pictures or charts if they will help you make your points more clearly. ___5___ Don't talk overheads, and don't talk down to them. Treat your audience with respect. They will appreciate your thoughtfulness.
【*】If you follow these simple steps, you'll see that you don't have to be afraid of public speaking. In fact, you may find the experience so enjoyable that you are asked to make more speeches! You’re not convinced yet? Give it a try and see what happens.

A. A successful speech takes your audience on a journey from why to how.

B. Ask yourself the purpose of your speech.

C. Never forget your audience.

D. Then spend plenty of time organizing your materials so that your speech is clear and easy to follow.

E. It is all right to tell a joke if it is in good taste and will not embarrass the speaker.

F. Here are some simple steps to take the pain out of speech-making.

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                                        A Debate on the English Language

【*】A measure declaring English the national language is under intense___1___ In the United States. The US Senate ___2___ two declarations last week. One calls English the nation's official language and the other says it is the“common and unifying(统一的)” tongue, But Americans found themselves divided on the issue.

Since people worldwide know that most Americans speak only English, many can't understand why the___3___is so controversial(有争议的).

【*】The discussion is related to fears of immigration issues,"says Dick Tucker, a social scientist at Pittsburgh’s Carnegie Mellon University."It's ___4___ to a worry about the changing demography(人口统计) of the US. lt's a worry about who will continue to have political and economic___5___”
【*】In fact, the notion of protecting the language has been kicked around almost since the nation’s founding. John Adams lobbied(游说)in 1780 for the creation of a national academy to correct and improve the English language. But his proposal died, since lawmakers ___6___ it as a royalist(保皇主义者) attempt to define personal behavior.
【*】Since then, the country hasn't had a ___7___ language, but the idea of recognizing the special status of English lived on.

The emotions surrounding language resurface(再次浮现) not because people feel8withEnglish. It is more about the discomfort many Americans feel with the new languages, says Walt Wolfram, a ___9___ at North Carolina State University.

【*】“Language is never about language,"he says.
【*】According to the 2000 US Census Bureau report of 209 million Americans over 18 years old, 172 million speak only English at home. About 37 million speak languages ___10___ than English. Among them, 6.5 million speak poor English and 3.1 million don't speak English at all.
2

【单选】

（）

A

issue

B

passed

C

debate

D

another

E

other

F

 international

G

related

H

influence

I

saw

J

professor

K

national

L

comfortable

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【*】The wallet is heading for extinction. As a day-to-day essential，it will die off with the generation who read print newspapers. The kind of shopping—where you hand over notes and count out change in return—now happens only in the most minor of our retail encounters, like buying a bar of chocolate or a pint of milk from a comer shop. At the shops where you spend any real money, that money is increasingly abstracted. And this is more and more true, the higher up the scale you go. At the most cutting-edge retail stores—Victoria Beckham on Dover Street, for instance—you don’t go and stand at any kind of cash register when you decide to pay. The staff are equipped with iPads to take your payment while you relax on a sofa.
【*】Which is nothing more or less than excellent service, if you have the money. But across society, the abstraction of the idea of cash makes me uneasy. Maybe I’m just old-fashioned. But earning money isn’t quick or easy for most of us. Isn’t it a bit weird that spending it should happen in half a blink (眨眼）of an eye? Doesn’t a wallet—that time-honoured Friday-night feeling of pleasing, promising fatness—represent something that matters?
【*】But I’ll leave the economics to the experts. What bothers me about the death of the wallet is the change it represents in our physical environment. Everything about the look and feel of a wallet—the way the fastenings and materials wear and tear and loosen with age, the plastic and paper and gold and silver, and handwritten phone numbers and printed cinema tickets—is the very opposite of what our world is becoming. The opposite of a wallet is a smartphone or an iPad. The rounded edges, cool glass，smooth and unknowable as a pebble (鹅卵石）. Instead of digging through pieces of paper and peering into comers, we move our fingers left and right. No more counting out coins. Show your wallet, if you still have one. It may not be here much longer.
1

【单选】

What is happening to the wallet?（）

A

 It is disappearing.

B

It is becoming costly.

C

 It is being fattened.

D

It is changing in style.

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 How are business transactions done in big modem stores?

A

Individually.

B

In the abstract.

C

Electronically.

D

 Via a cash register.

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                                                                          Computer Mouse

【*】The basic computer mouse is an amazingly clever invention with a relatively simple design that allows us to point at things on the computer and it is very productive. Think of all the things you can do with a mouse like selecting text for copying and pasting, drawing, and even scrolling on the page with the newer mice with the wheel. Most of us use the computer mouse daily without stopping to think how it works until it gets dirty and we have to learn how to clean it. We learn to point at thing before we learn to speak, so the mouse is a very natural pointing device. Other computer pointing devices include light pens, graphics tablets and touch screen, but the mouse still our workhorse.
【*】The computer mouse was invented in 1964 by Douglas Englehart of Stanford University. As computer screens became popular and arrow keys were used to move around a body of text, it became clear that a pointing device that allowed easier motion through the text and even selection of text would be very useful. The introduction of the mouse, with the Apple Lisa computer in 1983, really started the computer public on the road to relying on the mouse for routine computer tasks.
【*】How does the mouse work? We have to start at the bottom, so think upside down for now. It all starts with mouse ball. As the mouse ball in the bottom of the mouse rolls over the mouse pad, it presses against and turns two shafts. The shafts are connected to wheels with several small holes in them. The wheels have a pair of small electronic light-emitting devices called light emitting diodes (LED)mounted on either side. One LED sends a light beam to the LED on the other side. As the wheels spin and a hole rotates by, the light beam get through to the LED on the other side. But a moment later the light beam is blocked until the next hole is in place. The LED detects a changing pattern of light, converts the pattern into an electronic signal, and sends the signal to the computer through wires in a cable that goes out the mouse body. This cable is the tail that helps give the mouse its name. The computer interprets the signal to tell it where to position the cursor on the computer screen.
【*】So far we have only discussed the basic computer mouse that most of you probably have or have used. One problem with this design is that the mouse gets dirty as the ball rolls over the surface and picks up the dirt. Eventually you have to clean your mouse. The newer optical mice avoid this problem by having no moving parts.
1

【单选】

Most computer users want to know how the computer mouse works.（）

A

True

B

False

C

Not Given

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Among all the computer pointing devices, touch screen is the most expensive one.（）

A

True

B

False

C

Not Given

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                                                                        Soot(烟灰) and Snow: a Hot Combination

【*】New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions (释放) of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow.

According to a computer simulation(模拟), black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over

the past century.

【*】Soot in the higher latitudes(纬度) of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the sun s energy and
warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot, absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight

【*】Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheet smelt, they tend to get even dirtier,"said Dr.James Hansen, a researcher at NASA's

Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.

【*】Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo(反照率)( solar energy reflected back to space), which may be contributing

to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice, melting glaciers and permafrost(永冻层). Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.

【*】"Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more
than if there were no black carbon,"Hansen said. Soot's increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in
warming the world’s climate."This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide(二氧化碳) forcing of the same magnitude(量,大小),” Hansen noted.
【*】Hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of this century.
【*】The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at
middle and high latitudes. These observations were consistent with the researchers' elimate model simulations, which
showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.
1

【单选】

Paragraph①_____

A

Soot's Role in Climate Changes Above Oceans and Land

B

Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere

C

Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot

D

Black Soot in Snow and Icy Areas Leading to Climate Change

E

Black Soot Contributing to Global Warming

F

Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of Global Warming

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Paragraph③_____

A

Soot's Role in Climate Changes Above Oceans and Land

B

Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere

C

Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot

D

Black Soot in Snow and Icy Areas Leading to Climate Change

E

Black Soot Contributing to Global Warming

F

Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of Global Warming

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Level of education is a measure of life quality. (  )

A

True

B

False

C

Not Given

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Cost of living in Ireland is pretty high. (  )

A

True

B

False

C

Not Given

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